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Heart failure is such a broad term when it comes to how we treat it. Sometimes our patients need only one drug to treat their symptoms, other times they require multiple medications from different drug classes. As we all know cardiac medications come in many different classes and all have a specific symptom they target, which makes them amazing! Sometimes we come across patients who have comorbidities, which require us to rethink our treatment plans in case we have any medication contraindications. According to Metra and Teerlink (2017), “The prevalence of comorbidities in patients with heart failure and their effects on prognosis are increasing, particularly in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.”

Lisinopril, also known as Prinivil, is classified as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE). I have given this medication many times in my nursing career. These types of medications slow down the activity of enzymes, which in turn slows down vasoconstriction, the result of that being your blood vessels enlarge and your blood pressure reduces. One of the most common side effects of ACE inhibitors is a persistent dry cough. I will NEVER forget this because it was one of my NCLEX questions and I knew I had it! This class of medication may increase blood levels of potassium, so the use of potassium supplements is not recommended. ACE inhibitors are labelled a category C for pregnancy. It was found that mothers who took ACE inhibitors during the 1st trimester of pregnancy had an increased risk of major congenital defects.

Carvedilol, also known as Coreg, is classified as a beta blocker. These are my personal favorite because they end in “lol” and that just makes me smile! It was also a fun way to remember them while in nursing school. Beta Blockers work by blocking epinephrine, which allows your heart to beat more slowly, which leads to reducing blood pressure. Possible side effects could be fatigue and weight gain, although most people report no issues. This class of medication is not typically used in patients with asthma because it has been known to trigger asthma attacks. In addition, it can mask the symptoms of low blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes.

References
Metra, M., & Teerlink, J. (2017). Heart failure. The Lancet, 390(10106), 1981–1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31071-1

Anonymous. (2006). ACE inhibitors and pregnancy. WHO Drug Information, 20(2), 71. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215678887/

Heart Disease and Beta-Blocker Therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/beta-blocker-therapy#

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References:

Nursing Standards

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2018). Code of conduct for midwives. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx

Clinical Guidelines

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Living Guideline

Stroke Foundation. (2022). Australian and New Zealand living clinical guidelines for stroke management – chapter 1 of 8: Pre-hospital care. https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/NnV76E

Evidence-based practice

BMJ Best Practice

Goldfarb, S., & Josephson, M. (2020). Cystic fibrosis. BMJ Best Practice. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/

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Swe, K. K. (2022). Blood glucose levels: Self-monitoring [Evidence summary]. JBI EBP Database. https://jbi.global

JBI: Best practice information sheet

Bellman, S. (2022). Experiences of living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis [Best practice information sheet]. JBI EBP Database, 24(1), 1-4.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Srijithesh, P. R., Aghoram, R., Goel, A., & Dhanya, J. (2019). Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010990.pub2

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Dartmouth Writing Program. (2005). Writing in the social sciences. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~writing/materials/student/soc_sciences/write.shtml

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Wagner, D. (n.d.). Why writing matters in nursing. https://www.svsu.edu/nursing/programs/bsn/programrequirements/whywritingmatters/

Writing in nursing: Examples. (n.d.). http://www.technorhetoric.net/7.2/sectionone/inman/examples.html

Perth Children’s Hospital. (2022, April). Appendicitis [Emergency Department Guidelines]. Child and Adolescent Health Service. https://www.pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Appendicitis

Department of Health. (n.d.). Who is being active in Western Australia? https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/Articles/U_Z/Who-is-being-active-in-Western-Australia

Donaldson, L. (Ed.). (2017, May 1). Healthier, fairer, safer: The global health journey 2007-2017. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512367

NCBI Bookshelf

Rodriguez Ziccardi, M., Goyal, G., & Maani, C. V. (2020, August 10). Atrial flutter. In Statpearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540985/

Royal Perth Hospital. (2016). Procedural management: Pre and post (24-48 hours) NPS. Canvas. https://courses.ecu.edu.au

 

 

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