Question Questions:1.  How many of the total beads in the parental population are gold and how many

Question Questions:1.  How many of the total beads in the parental population are gold and how many are sapphire?   2.  What color feathers do Gg individuals have? Gold   3.  How many total beads are in the parental population?   How many individuals does this represent? 200 beads   Table 1.1:  Frequencies of Genotypes and Alleles of the Parental PopulationGenotypes Frequency Alleles FrequencyGG 0.25 G 0.25Gg 0.5 g 0.5gg 0.25     4.  For this population, solve the Hardy-Weinburg formula – use allelic frequencies in the formula: see page 2 of this packet for an example of how to set up and solve this, show your work below – remember: this is used to double-check your calculations, it does NOT indicate whether or not the population is at Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium (G2 + 2 {G*g} + g2)    Exercise 2:  Hardy-Weinburg EquilibriumWhen a population is nonevolving, it is said to be in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium.  The gene pool of a population in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium does not show differences in genotypic or allelic frequencies from generation to generation.  Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium depends on a population meeting 5 assumptions. The 5 assumptions for a nonevolving population:The population is large enough to overcome random events.Choice of mates is random.Mutation does not occur.Individuals do not migrate into or out of the population.There is no selection pressure. We can compare these predictions and assumptions with actual changes that we observe in natural populations and learn about factors that influence gene frequencies. Procedure 2.1:  Verify Hardy-Weinburg EquilibriumTo verify the predictions of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium, use the following procedure to produce a generation of offspring from the parental population you created in the first procedure.  In this procedure, your task is to determine if you can verify this population is at Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. Simulate the random mating of individuals in the parental population by carefully shaking the beads in the Parental Population cup.Reach into the Parental Population cup (without looking) and randomly select two gametes (beads).  Determine the genotype of this individual – gold beads are (G) alleles and sapphire beads are (g) alleles.Record the occurrence of the genotype on Data Table 2.1.  Return the beads to the Parental Population.Repeat steps 2-3 (pull 2 beads ? record genotype ? return to Parental Population) 50 times to simulate the production of 50 offspring.Using data from Table 2.1, calculate the frequency of each genotype and allele, record the frequencies in Table 2.2.  Scientific Methodology Question:  What is the question you are attempting to answer from this part of the laboratory?      Hypothesis:  Testable, educated guess which attempts to answer your question:   Testable Prediction:  Make a statement about what should be observed if the hypothesis is accepted.  This is placed in an “if….then” statement; “if” is part of/restating the hypothesis, “then” is your prediction of the data or observations you would obtain if your hypothesis is verified and supported.  Table 2.1:  Results of Random Selection of Alleles to Create Offspring Genotypes from an Established Parental PopulationGenotype Number of Offspring TotalGG 9 9Gg 31 31gg 14 14You will probably want to indicate “tally” marks in column two of this table for ease of data collection   Table 2.2:  Verifying Hardy-Weinburg EquilibriumGenotype Number of Individuals (transfer from Table 2.1) Genotypic Frequency Allele Allelic FrequencyGG 9/54 0.17 G 0.45Gg 31/54 0.57 g 0.55gg 14/54 0.26     For this new generation, solve the Hardy-Weinburg formula – use allelic frequencies to solve the formula: see page 2 of this packet for an example of how to set up and solve this, show your work in the space below – remember, this is used to double-check your calculations, it does NOT indicate whether a population is at Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium(G2 + 2 {G*g} + g2): 0.45×0.45+(0.45×0.55)+0.55×0.55 = 1  Discussion/Interpretation of Results1.  A population at Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium will show genotypic frequencies of offspring identical to those of the parental generation.  Were they the same in your simulation – explain/show differences or similarities in data from Table 1.1 (parental population) compared to Table 2.2 (offspring)?     2.  If the frequencies were different, then one of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium was probably violated.  Which one and why?        3.  What could be done differently in this procedure to ensure all the assumptions of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium were met?      Conclusion1.  Was your prediction confirmed?  State the data that lead to whether your prediction was or was not confirmed.      2.  Was your hypothesis accepted?  State the data that supports this conclusion.      Procedure 2.2:  Effect of a Selection PressureSelection is the differential reproduction of phenotypes – some phenotypes (and their associated genotypes) are passed to the next generation more often than others.  In positive selection, genotypes representing adaptive traits in an environment increase in frequency because the organisms that have them are more likely to survive and reproduce.  In negative selection, genotypes representing nonadaptive traits in an environment decrease in frequency because the organisms that have them are less likely to survive and reproduce. Selective pressures are factors such as temperature and predation that affect organisms and result in selective reproduction of phenotypes. Some pressures may result in 100% negative selection against a characteristic and eliminate any successful reproduction of individuals having that characteristic.  If survival and reproduction of one phenotype or characteristic is eliminated, what would happen to the frequency of the phenotype and alleles for this phenotype in subsequent generations?  In this procedure, your task is to determine what occurs to genotypic frequencies when a 100% negative selection pressure is placed on a population.  In this procedure, having sapphire feathers is a lethal phenotype; individuals with sapphire feathers die before reaching sexual maturity, and cannot/do not reproduce. Use the same Parental Population that you used to test Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. (See page 3 of this handout for instructions)Have the Next Generation and Cannot Reproduce cups ready to useSimulate the production of an offspring from the Parental Population by randomly removing two gametes (beads) to represent an individual offspring.If the offspring is GG or Gg (gold feathers), place it in a container for the accumulation (genetics) of the Next Generation. Record the occurrence of this genotype in Table 2.3.  What is the phenotype of these individuals?If the offspring is gg (sapphire feathers), place this individual in a container for those that Cannot Reproduce.  Individuals in this container will not be used to produce subsequent generations – this is simulating the 100% negative selection pressure.  Record the occurrence of this genotype in Data Table 2.3.  What is the phenotype of these individuals?Repeat steps 4-6 (pull 2 beads ? record genotype ? sort into appropriate cup) to produce 50 offspring for the first generation (for the second, third, and fourth generations, do this until the parental population cup is empty).Calculate the frequencies of each of the three genotypes recorded in Data Table 2.3 and record these frequencies for the first generation in Table 2.4. Empty the parental population cup of remaining beads. Only those in the “next generation” cup will continue reproducing.Transfer the “next generation” individuals to the “parental population” cup. Repeat steps 4-7 to produce a second, third, and fourth generation.  After the production of each generation, record your results in Tables 2.3 and 2.4 Because some members of each generation cannot reproduce (gg individuals), the number of offspring from each successive generation of your population will decrease. This is why the frequency of each genotype, not the number of offspring, is the value that is recorded in Table 2.4.  Scientific Methodology Question:  What is the question you are attempting to answer from this laboratory procedure?    Hypothesis:  Testable, educated guess which attempts to answer your question:   Predict what will occur to genotypic frequencies in this population with a 100% negative selection pressure is placed on the homozygous recessive genotype (increase, decrease, or stay the same): Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency will (increase, decrease or stay the same): Heterozygous genotypic frequency will (increase, decrease, or stay the same): Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency will (increase, decrease, or stay the same): Table 2.3 Results of Random Selection of Alleles to Create Offspring Genotypes from an Established Parental Population with 100% Negative Selection PressureGeneration Genotypes of Offspring and Number of Individuals 1 GG                                                              12Gg                                                               24gg                                                               142 GG                                                               17Gg                                                                15gg                                                                53 GG                                                              18Gg                                                                12gg                                                                 14 GG                                                               20Gg                                                               8gg                                                               2   Table 2.4:  Genotypic Frequencies with a 100% Negative Selection PressureBe sure to record frequency, not numbers/individuals of each genotype in this data table.Genotype First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth GenerationGG 0.24 0.34 0.36 0.4Gg 0.48 0.3 0.24 0.16gg 0.28 0.1 0.02 0.04Total of frequencies         Discussion/Interpretation of Results 1.  Did the frequency of sapphire feathers decrease with successive generations? Explain why.       2.  Was the decrease of sapphire feathers from the first to second generation with same as the decrease from the second to third generation?  From the third to fourth?  Why or why not?            3.  How might genotypic frequency change with a different selective pressure?  What if choice of mates was not random?       Conclusion1.  Were your predictions confirmed?  State the data that lead to whether your predictions were or were not confirmed.      2.  Was your hypothesis accepted?  State the data that supports this conclusion.      Application Population genetics is often used in criminal investigations and trials.  Scenario: genetic evidence has been collected at a crime scene.  Upon analysis, a genotype with a low genotypic frequency in the general population was present. 1.  Explain how a defense attorney could use this information to demonstrate their client was not likely the individual who left evidence at the crime scene.    2.  Explain how a prosecuting attorney could use this information to demonstrate the individual on trial was likely the individual who left evidence at the crime scene.    3.  Explain why it is not possible to definitively determine/identify an individual based on a single genotype and the associated genotypic frequency within a population.              Health ScienceScienceNursingBIOL 1020Share Question

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