Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators

Assignment Checklist
An important Core Value of the HSA Program is Professionalism. This extends to all
work/assignments that you submit. Detail and quality matter! Excessive errors and missing
elements required in your work may undermine your professionalism and success. Print out
and use the following checklist to review your work prior to submission.
Please review your assignment based on these criteria
(see the HSA Style Guide for more information):
? File is named correctly (including your last name)? example:
HSC2721_Activity2_Maisch
? Font is Times New Roman or Arial 12-point with double spacing between lines.
? Title page contains: Title of the paper, course number and title, student’s name, date.
? Header and page numbers are in the header function of Word not retyped on each page.
? Title of the paper is centered and located at the top of the second page.
? Review your assignment to determine if it meets the assignment criteria as per
instructions. (i.e. Correct topic, length of paper within upper and lower word limits)
? All quotes (text from the source – exactly or parts of sentences) have been removed.
? Paper has appropriate number/quality of references and all citations are correctly
formatted (i.e. APA format). Wikipedia or Wiki are not credible sources.
? All information obtained from another source is properly cited and referenced.
? Spelling, grammar, sentence structure have been reviewed (Hint: in Word, turn on
Grammar and spell check. Potential issues will be underlined in red, blue, or green).
? All contractions have been removed (i.e. can’t/cannot, don’t/do not, isn’t/is not).
? Correct grading rubric is pasted at the end of the assignment
*Rubric must be downloaded, saved to your computer, opened, copied and pasted.
? Instructor feedback from previous assignments has been applied.
? When using an acronym, first use the full name of what the acronym represents. For
example, Department of Health (DOH); subsequent use only requires the acronym.
Health Services Administration
APA Style Guide
2018 – 2019 Academic Year
This style guide is meant to serve as a guide for the development, organization, and
completion of your assignments while in the Health Services Administration Program at
St. Petersburg College. This guide is based off of APA 6th Edition.
Table of Contents
What is Effective Communication? …………………………………………………………………………………… 3
What is Critical Thinking and Why is it so Important? ………………………………………………………… 3
Professional Writing Style in the BASHSA Program ………………………………………………………….. 3
Basic Document Formatting …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Level Headings ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Giving Professional Credit, Where Professional Credit is Due ……………………………………………… 6
HSA Program/Course Policy Regarding Quoted Material ……………………………………………………. 6
Academic Integrity………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
References Page Formatting …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
How to Reference and Cite Various Sources ………………………………………………………………………. 8
Journals ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
One author peer-reviewed article with DOI…………………………………………………………………. 8
Four and five author peer-reviewed article retrieved from the Journal Publisher’s Website .. 8
Six author peer-reviewed article retrieved from the Journal Publisher’s Website ……………… 9
More than seven author peer-reviewed article with DOI……………………………………………….. 9
Books ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Entire Book as Reference………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Chapter in an Edited Book ………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Web Source ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Website with an Author Listed ………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Website with Organization as Author ……………………………………………………………………….. 11
Website with no Author or Organization …………………………………………………………………… 11
Secondary Source………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Governmental Reports ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Personal Communication ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Online Dictionary………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Images/Photos …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Image retrieved from the Internet …………………………………………………………………………….. 13
Photograph …………………………………………………………………………………14
Photographer …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Movies/Video/Podcast/Audio Interview ……………………………………………………………………….. 13
Movie …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Podcast …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Transcript of Podcast ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Audio Interview …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Single Episode of a T.V. Series ………………………………………………………………16
Blog/Video Blog (YouTube) ………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Original Blog Post………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Comment to a Blog Post …………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Video Blog (YouTube) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
Course Material (Lecture Notes) …………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Writing Skills ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
Please click on an item category to be taken to that page; i.e. click Books to be taken to that page.
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
HSA Writing Resources
As a future leader in the workforce, effective written communication skills are important. To
help support the development of these skills, the Bachelor of Applied Science in Health Services
Administration (BASHSA) is a writing intensive program. What does this mean? All courses in
the curriculum will rely on the written word for a substantial part of your grade assessment.
Writing – What is the Big Deal?
Students often believe too much emphasis is placed on writing in HSA courses in comparison to
content. Consider this – if your reader cannot understand your writing due to excessive errors,
grammatical difficulties or lack of coherence, how can your work be fairly judged on content? It
is a fact of life that people often judge your intelligence and professionalism by how you express
yourself in writing. Thus, consider what you write as an indication of your professional abilities.
Write as if you are communicating with your supervisor rather than texting a friend. And,
perhaps most importantly, PROOFREAD your work!
What is Effective Communication?
Since the vast majority of online course interactions are written, students need to be able to
adequately express themselves and develop their work in writing. Clear and coherent written
expression is especially important since we tend to rely very heavily on non-verbal cues when
we communicate with each other. Grammar and spelling errors distort meaning and coherence or
cause readers to avoid reading the material that you have prepared or posted.
Be respectful and courteous, even if you disagree. The ability to rationally and maturely discuss
in writing differences in opinions is a strength that will serve you well in your professional
career. Cite the appropriate evidence where warranted and include accurate references.
What is Critical Thinking and Why is it so Important?
An important goal of the HSA program is to equip students with high-level critical thinking
skills crucial to success in professional careers. Critical thinking, most simply defined, is
thinking clearly and rationally. Instructors challenge students to examine, interpret, analyze and
evaluate the value and significance of the information they are learning.
But why is critical thinking so important? Critical thinking promotes problem solving skills
and the use of reason to investigate questions, evaluate ideas, and resolve conflicts in meaningful
ways – assets in any career! A critical thinker knows how to apply information, seek relevant
and reliable sources of evidence, and think “outside the box”.
Professional Writing Style in the BASHSA Program
All assignments submitted in HSA program courses (Upper-Division Courses with prefix HSA,
HSC, HUS, and RET) must use APA 6th edition editorial style. Some standards for this program
may vary slightly from the APA format. This style guide provides a framework for using APA
editorial style in the HSA program. If two standards are in conflict as you are formatting your
assignment, this guide is the superseding document.
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Basic Document Formatting
1. Use HSA file naming conventions for all document submissions:
course_assignment_lastname (i.e. HSA3104_timeline_smith). The course number will
be different for each course.
2. Use Arial or Times New Roman 12 point font (You may need to reset your default font
both in the text area and in the header/footer area)
3. Double space the entire assignment including the Title page and References page
4. Margins should be 1″ on all sides of the entire length of your document, including the
Title page and References page (This should already be the default setting).
a. To reduce the need to reformat each time you prepare a document, set the font and
margins as default settings on your personal computer.
5. Place a running head and page number on each page, including the Title and References
pages. The running head text must be flush left and the page numbers flush right.
a. On the title page, the page header consists of the words “Running head” (Note:
the R is capitalized, the h is not) followed by a colon and the title of paper all in
CAPITAL LETTERS. Subsequent pages should NOT use the words Running
head, but continue to use CAPITAL LETTERS. Subsequent pages do NOT
contain the words Running head, but continue to use CAPITAL LETTERS.
Example – Running head: TITLE OF PAPER
b. A maximum of four words is used for the running head (excluding the words,
Running head) if your title is longer, use only the first four words of your title.
c. The page number is only numerals 1, 2, 3 and so on.
d. Do not include an abstract unless specifically asked for in the assignment directions.
6. The Title page is the first page of the document. Center the information on the title page
horizontally, double space, and place in the upper one-third of the page. Note: APA
editorial style allows for institutions to determine content of title page—this is why ours
includes the course name, and date. The title page must include the following in the
following order; information belongs in the upper 1/3 of the title page:
a. Assignment title in Upper and Lower Case – get creative – do not simply use the
assignment name.
b. Course Name and Number (i.e., Ethics in Health Care – HSA 3551)
c. Student Name
d. Date (i.e., July 30, 2016)
e. St. Petersburg College
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Example –
HSA Style Guide
Ethics in Health Care – HSA 3551
John Smith
July 30, 2016
St. Petersburg College
7. Repeat the title of your paper at the top center of page 2. The header appears at the top
left of the page and does not serve as the title on this page. Double space and begin your
paper with appropriate paragraph indentations.
8. Indent the first line of every paragraph one-half inch.
9. Use two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence. Use a single space after any other
punctuation.
10. Unless otherwise stated, ALWAYS include the assignment rubric – the rubric will help
guide you in the development of your assignment. You do not need to include a rubric
on discussion postings or PowerPoint Assignments.
11. Your assignment can only be accepted in MS Word, MS Excel, or MS PowerPoint format
(unless specifically noted otherwise). Failure to submit in these designated formats may
result in point deduction.
Level Headings
Headings are an excellent way to organize the content of your paper and clarify the flow of
information for the reader. Since the majority of the papers that you will write will be between
500 and 1500 words, you will generally use only levels I – III. Shorter papers may require only
a Level I heading, whereas the use of three levels of headings may be appropriate for a longer
paper. You do not need to use every level of heading in your papers!
The use of level headings should be sequential; you will always start at level one. You can use
level one many times throughout your writing, depending on the number of new sections that are
included in your paper. Please use the following as a guide to develop your level headings.
Level one: Centered, Bold, Upper and Lowercase Heading
Double space and Begin paragraph below with indentation
Level two: Flush Left, Bold, Upper and Lowercase Heading
Double space and Begin paragraph below with indentation
Level three: Indented (one stop), bold, lowercase heading, end with period.
Paragraph begins in-line with the heading after the period no return needed.
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Example:
Health Belief Model (Level One)
Description (Level Two)
Application. (Level three).
Giving Professional Credit, Where Professional Credit is Due
In the HSA program you will complete many assignments and discussion postings; most of these
activities will require the use of citations and a references page. Please see specific assignment or
discussion forum directions for details. Citations and references are important for two reasons:
1. Give professional credibility to your work by supporting the development of your ideas.
2. Credit the individual(s) whose work was borrowed or is being referred to in the text.
Failing to cite when appropriate, is likened to stealing material from the original author;
you have not given credit where credit is due! This can also be considered plagiarism.
Plagiarism (whether intentional or unintentional) is the use of another’s work without
proper attribution. Plagiarism goes against the core values of the HSA program:
Professionalism and integrity and may result in academic discipline.
A few questions you may be asking yourself:
1. When do I need to cite? Cite anytime information from another source is used.
2. Read the sentence you wrote. If you ask yourself “How do I know this?” and the answer
is something other than “From personal experience” it should probably be cited.
3. Can I use exact quotes? No, quotes are not permitted in any HSA Program course.
4. What is paraphrasing? Paraphrasing is a way to present the concepts or ideas of others,
with appropriate citation, without copying the actual written work. Thus, a paraphrased
work is a new work that does not simply rearrange or replace the original author’s words.
5. Can I use a citation generator? The short answer is NO. These generators are often
inaccurate or not used properly and result in point deductions for the student.
HSA Program/Course Policy Regarding Quoted Material
In this course and the HSA program we expect students to demonstrate the ability to integrate
critical thought with a synthesis of the reading they do for assignments. This means that we want
you to use your own words to communicate facts as well as your knowledge, thoughts, reactions,
and reflections. We do NOT want students to simply cut and paste quoted material into their
work, even with proper citation. Any text taken directly from another source is not considered
the student’s work; it is a compilation of the words of others, and students will not receive a
grade for the quoted material. Students are expected to understand and demonstrate appropriate
paraphrasing, citations and references.
Quoted material SHOULD NOT be used. Use of quoted material, or work that has not been
properly paraphrased, cited or referenced will result in point loss.
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Academic Integrity
Students in the BASHSA Program at St. Petersburg College are expected to demonstrate
academic integrity and professionalism in all matters during their tenure in the program.
What is Academic Integrity?
Academic integrity is founded upon the core values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and
responsibility. It begins with the honest pursuit of learning goals and academic success.
Responsibility for academic integrity lies primarily with individual students and faculty members
of this college.
Why is Academic Integrity Important?
SPC expects students to adhere to high standards of academic honesty and integrity. Students
have an ethical obligation to adhere to the SPC Honor Code and are required to abide by all
Academic Honesty Policies as described in the student handbook.
How is Academic Integrity Defined?
Please see the SPC Honor Code (http://www.spcollege.edu/academichonesty/) for complete
details on defining academic integrity.
References Page Formatting
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The References page will be on a separate page from the body of your assignment.
The word References is at the top of the page, under the running head. This word is
centered and not bolded, italicized, or underlined.
List Reference entries in alphabetical order. Do not alphabetize the authors listed in the
entry itself (order them as they appear in the original document).
Use a hanging indent for subsequent lines of 0.5″.
Do not include the credentials (i.e., Ph.D.) on your references page or in-text citations.
Digital Object Identifier (doi)
o If the article was obtained from the internet, such as an SPC Library Database,
and there is a Digital Object Identifier (doi), include this at the end of the
reference after the last period in the reference.
o If there is no doi listed for the article, and you retrieved the article from a SPC
library database, include the database from which it was retrieved.
o If there is no doi listed and you retrieved the article from the publisher, include
the root of their website (for instance: http://www.apha.org versus
http://www.apha.org/journal/august/2010/vol1/issue2/article.html).
If you are using two or more sources from the same author(s), there are specific ways to
format the References page and In-Text citation so as not to confuse your reader. This is
noted by the year of publication of each individual document. See examples below.
References Page Entry
Smith, B. & Jones, S. (2010). The influence of computer glare on eye strain. The Journal of
Academic Success, 5(10), 95-103. doi: 5698.add5e/5d98a
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Smith, B. & Jones, S. (2012a). The systemic effect of computer glare on the human body. The
Journal of the American Ocular Association, 6(5), 945-965. doi: dko9d5.dad9/jaoa.69
Smith, B. & Jones, S. (2012b). How does computer glare affect glass eyes; A case-study.
PlosONE, 19(65), e1095. doi: 956d.plos/98582
In-Text Citation
(Smith & Jones, 2010).
(Smith & Jones, 2012a).
(Smith & Jones, 2012b).
How to Reference and Cite Various Sources
Journals
All examples provided below have the corresponding journal articles in the folder in your course
where you retrieved this Style Guide. Additionally, you will find an annotated version of the
article with the author(s) name(s), journal title, volume, etc. circled for your review.
General format for peer-reviewed journal articles:
Author last name, First initial. & Author last name, First initial. (Year). Title of article in lowercase. Title of Journal in Upper-Case Italics, volume(issue), pages. doi:
One author peer-reviewed article with DOI
(Note: one, two and three authors are referenced the same)
References Page Entry
Yu, Y. (2012). Reexamining the declining effects of age on mortality differentials associated
with excess body mass: Evidence of cohort distortions in the United States. American
Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 915-922. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300237.
In-text Citation
(Yu, 2012).
Four and five author peer-reviewed article retrieved from the Journal Publisher’s Website
References Page Entry
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Hickman, L., Firestone, A., Beck. M., & Speer, S. (2010). Eye fixations when viewing
faces. Journal of the American Dental Association,141(1), 40-46. Retrieved from
http://jada.ada.org.
In-text Citation
1st citation: (Hickman, Firestone, Beck, & Speer, 2010)
Subsequent Citations: (Hickman et al., 2010)
Six author peer-reviewed article retrieved from the Journal Publisher’s Website
References Page Entry
Black, L., Advance, A., Bloomington. M., Ship, Q. S., Keys, A. B., & Spurry,
S. (2015). Through the looking glass: An evolution of the eye. Journal of the American
Ophthalmologic Association, 125(2), 987-999. Retrieved from http://aoa.journal.org.
In-text Citation
(Black et al., 2015)
More than seven author peer-reviewed article with DOI
References Page Entry
Cohen, C. R., Montandon, M., Carrico, A W., Shiboski, S., Bostrom, A., Obure, A., … Bukusi, E.
(2009). Association of attitudes and beliefs toward antiretroviral therapy with HIVseroprevalence in the general population of Kisumu, Keyna. PLoSONE, 4(3),
e4573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004573
In-text Citation
(Cohen et al., 2009)
When using APA format to cite the title of a work in the text of your document
? Capitalize all words that have four letters or more in the title
? For longer works such as books, movies, or television series, etc. the titles should be
italicized, i.e. (Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, 2006)
? For shorter works such as journal articles, a television episode, or song title the titles
should be in quotation marks, i.e. (“Laboratory Diagnosis of Zika Virus Infection”, 2017)
*Note: It is generally preferred to cite by author(s) last name(s) and date for the in-text citation if
available as it is easier to match this citation to the references.
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Books
When referencing a book, consider if the book was written by the individuals listed on the cover,
or if the book was edited by the individuals on the cover. To make this determination, look
through the book and see if other individuals authored individual chapters; these individuals’
names will be listed as the author of the chapter.
After you have determined author versus editor, you will have to consider if you used the entire
book as a reference or an individual chapter.
In general a book should be formatted:
Author last name, author first initial. (Year). Title of book in lower-case. City, State: Publisher
Entire Book as Reference
References Page Entry
McKenzie, J. F., Pinger, R. R., & Kotecki, J. E. (2012). An introduction to community health (7th
ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
In-Text Citation
(McKenzie, Pinger, & Kotecki, 2012).
Chapter in an Edited Book
References Page Entry
Freeman, D., & Morrison, E. E. (2009). Spirituality and ethics in healthcare organizations. In E.
E. Morrison (Ed.), Health care ethics: Critical issues for the 21st century (pp.321-336).
Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
In-Text Citation
(Freeman & Morrison, 2009).
*Book reference section adapted from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/02/books-andbook-chapters-what-to-cite.html
Web Source
There are several methods to complete a reference citation from a web source.
? First, determine if the website is a credible source. Sources such as Wikipedia, WebMD,
Ask.com, eHow.com, etc. are NOT considered to be credible sources for academic work
in this program.
? Second, determine if there is an author or if an organization is acting as the author of the
document you are reviewing. If there is no author listed, and there is no organizational
sponsor (such as the CDC or IOM) the website title replaces the authors’ information.
? Most documents from the internet do not require a retrieval date; only those websites
subject to change such as a wiki or blog require the inclusion of a retrieval date.
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
Website with an Author Listed
References Page Entry
Johnson, T. D. (2012). Hard-hitting public health ad campaigns sparking awareness: New
tactics gaining results, controversy. Retrieved from
http://thenationshealth.aphapublications.org/content/42/5/1.3.full
In-Text Citation
(Johnson, 2012).
Website with Organization as Author
References Page Entry
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Vaccines and preventable diseases: Seasonal
influenza (flu) vaccination. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/flu/
In-Text Citation
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011).
Website with no Author or Organization
References Page Entry
Should cell phones be banned while driving? (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.livescience.com/3220-cell-phones-banned-driving.html
In-Text Citation (note that quotation marks are used here because there is no author or corporate
author. If there is an author or a corporate author noted, no quotation marks are used).
(“Should cell phones be”, 2009).
Secondary Source
When you cite information that the author of an article/book that you are reading has cited in
their work, you are citing a source within a source, or providing a secondary source. In other
words, you did not personally read the original source; rather, you accessed the information
indirectly through the source that you are using. Secondary sources are cited in the text of your
paper, but are not entered on the References page. You want to direct your reader to the actual
source that you used – not a source that you did not access yourself.
Example: I read an article by He, Marrero and MacGregor; the article cited the work of Thomas.
Reference Page Entry
He, F. J., Marrero, N. M., & MacGregor, G. A. (2008). Salt intake, hypertension and obesity in
children. Hypertension, 51, 629-634. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100990
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2018 – 2019 Academic Year
In-Text Citati

References:

Nursing Standards

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2018). Code of conduct for midwives. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx

Clinical Guidelines

Guideline Adaption Committee. (2016). Clinical practice guidelines and principles of care for people with dementia. NHMRC Partnership Centre for Dealing with Cognitive and Related Function Decline in Older People. https://cdpc.sydney.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/CDPC-Dementia-Guidelines_WEB.pdf

Living Guideline

Stroke Foundation. (2022). Australian and New Zealand living clinical guidelines for stroke management – chapter 1 of 8: Pre-hospital care. https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/NnV76E

Evidence-based practice

BMJ Best Practice

Goldfarb, S., & Josephson, M. (2020). Cystic fibrosis. BMJ Best Practice. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/

Schub, T., & Cabrera, G. (2018). Bites: Head lice [Evidence-based care sheet]. Cinahl Information Systems. https://www.ebscohost.com

Beyea, S. C., & Slattery, M. J. (2006). Evidence-based practice in nursing: A guide to successful implementation. http://www.hcmarketplace.com/supplemental/3737_browse.pdf

JBI: Evidence summary

Swe, K. K. (2022). Blood glucose levels: Self-monitoring [Evidence summary]. JBI EBP Database. https://jbi.global

JBI: Best practice information sheet

Bellman, S. (2022). Experiences of living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis [Best practice information sheet]. JBI EBP Database, 24(1), 1-4.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Srijithesh, P. R., Aghoram, R., Goel, A., & Dhanya, J. (2019). Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010990.pub2

Drug Information

Codeine. (2023, January). In Australian medicines handbook. Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://amhonline.amh.net.au

Colorado State University. (2011). Why assign WID tasks? http://wac.colostate.edu/intro/com6a1.cfm

 

Dartmouth Writing Program. (2005). Writing in the social sciences. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~writing/materials/student/soc_sciences/write.shtml

Rutherford, M. (2008). Standardized nursing language: What does it mean for nursing practice? [Abstract]. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(1). http://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursing/Health-IT/StandardizedNursingLanguage.html

Wagner, D. (n.d.). Why writing matters in nursing. https://www.svsu.edu/nursing/programs/bsn/programrequirements/whywritingmatters/

Writing in nursing: Examples. (n.d.). http://www.technorhetoric.net/7.2/sectionone/inman/examples.html

Perth Children’s Hospital. (2022, April). Appendicitis [Emergency Department Guidelines]. Child and Adolescent Health Service. https://www.pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Appendicitis

Department of Health. (n.d.). Who is being active in Western Australia? https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/Articles/U_Z/Who-is-being-active-in-Western-Australia

Donaldson, L. (Ed.). (2017, May 1). Healthier, fairer, safer: The global health journey 2007-2017. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512367

NCBI Bookshelf

Rodriguez Ziccardi, M., Goyal, G., & Maani, C. V. (2020, August 10). Atrial flutter. In Statpearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540985/

Royal Perth Hospital. (2016). Procedural management: Pre and post (24-48 hours) NPS. Canvas. https://courses.ecu.edu.au

 

 

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